- Adverse events occurring when “desired therapeutic effects can have additional negative consequences,” i.e., blood pressure drugs causing dizziness if blood pressure drops too low, necessitating a “narrow therapeutic window” for appropriate dosing.
- Adverse effects due to a target that “serves multiple purposes in different tissues of the body,” such as chemotherapeutics that kill all fast-growing cells including, for instance, “precursors to immune cells,” thereby suppressing the immune system. “Side effects due to the therapeutic drug target’s presence in multiple cell and tissue types … lead to attempts to develop better-targeted therapeutic agents that more specifically target the desired pathway or site of disease.
- When a drug binds to unintended targets, this refers to off-targets and can produce ADRs and side effects. Off-target effects “are frequently not known or discovered until after observing an adverse event or side effect … in other cases, the specific target responsible for a side effect is not clear.”
Homing Peptides: Silo Pharma Inc. (SILO) Targets ADRs
Silo’s partnership with UMB could yield therapeutics that limit side effects through precisely targeted delivery
On February 3, 2022, Silo Pharma (OTCQB: SILO) extended its research partnership with the University of Maryland, Baltimore (“UMB”) to explore potentially lifesaving joint-homing peptides that target inflamed endothelium (a thin membrane that lines the inside of the heart and blood vessels). The ability to target inflamed tissue (while bypassing healthy organs) suggests joint-homing peptides could deliver therapeutics or fusion imaging nanoparticles to specific diseased tissues. Better imaging, lower radiation and precision, targeted dosing could enhance the therapeutic effect of current and future therapeutics and decrease potential systemic toxicity and adverse reactions.
According to the National Library of Medicine (“NLM”), “drug side-effects, or adverse drug reactions (“ADR”), have become a major healthcare concern … serious drug side-effects are estimated to be the fourth leading cause of death in the US, resulting in 100,000 deaths per year.”
An adverse drug reaction is a “response to a drug which is noxious and unintended and which occurs at doses normally used … for prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy of disease ….” NLM describes various ADR events and effects: